Addressing schemes for electronic displays

ABSTRACT

An electronic display comprises an electro-optic material (preferably an electrophoretic medium) having a plurality of pixels, and separate first, second and third sets of addressing means for addressing these pixels. Each of the pixels is associated with one addressing means in each of the three sets, such that addressing of any specific pixel requires application of signals within predetermined ranges to each of the three addressing means associated with the specific pixel being addressed. The display may be in the form of a multi-page electronic book.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of copending application Ser. No.10/906,019, filed Jan. 31, 2005 (Publication No. 2006/0139308), which isa continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/683,179, filed Nov.29, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,023,420, issued Apr. 4, 2006), whichitself claims benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/253,892filed Nov. 29, 2000. Application Ser. No. 10/906,019 is also acontinuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/983,404, filed Jul. 19,1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,106,296, issued Sep. 12, 2006), which is theU.S. national phase of International Application PCT/US96/12000(Publication No. WO 97/04398), filed Jul. 19, 1996, which in turn is (asregards the United States of America) a continuation-in-part ofapplication Ser. No. 08/504,896, filed Jul. 29, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No.6,124,851, issued Sep. 26, 2000).

The entire disclosures of all the aforementioned applications, and ofall U.S. patents and published and copending applications mentionedbelow, are herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to addressing schemes for electronicdisplays, that is to say displays which use a display medium at leastone optical characteristic of which can be varied by subjecting themedium to an electric field.

Electronic displays comprise a layer of electro-optic material, a termwhich is used herein in its conventional meaning in the art to refer toa material having first and second display states differing in at leastone optical property, the material being changed from its first to itssecond display state by application of an electric field to thematerial. The optical property is typically color perceptible to thehuman eye, but may be another optical property, such as opticaltransmission, reflectance, luminescence or, in the case of displaysintended for machine reading, pseudo-color in the sense of a change inreflectance of electromagnetic wavelengths outside the visible range.

One important sub-group of electronic displays are electrophoreticdisplays, which have been the subject of intense research anddevelopment for a number of years. Such displays can have attributes ofgood brightness and contrast, wide viewing angles, state bistability,and low power consumption when compared with liquid crystal displays.(The terms “bistable” and “bistability” are used herein in theirconventional meaning in the art to refer to displays comprising displayelements having first and second display states differing in at leastone optical property, and such that after any given element has beendriven, by means of an addressing pulse of finite duration, to assumeeither its first or second display state, after the addressing pulse hasterminated, that state will persist without power for at least severaltimes, for example at least four times, the minimum duration of theaddressing pulse required to change the state of the display element.)Nevertheless, problems with the long-term image quality of thesedisplays have prevented their widespread usage. For example, particlesthat make up electrophoretic displays tend to settle, resulting ininadequate service-life for these displays.

Numerous patents and applications assigned to or in the names of theMassachusetts Institute of Technology and E Ink Corporation haverecently been published describing encapsulated electrophoretic media.Such encapsulated media comprise numerous small capsules, each of whichitself comprises an internal phase containing electrophoretically-mobileparticles suspended in a liquid suspension medium, and a capsule wallsurrounding the internal phase. Typically, the capsules are themselvesheld within a polymeric binder to form a coherent layer positionedbetween two electrodes. Encapsulated media of this type are described,for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,930,026; 5,961,804; 6,017,584;6,067,185; 6,118,426; 6,120,588; 6,120,839; 6,124,851; 6,130,773;6,130,774; 6,172,798; 6,177,921; 6,232,950; 6,241,921; 6,249,271;6,252,564; 6,262,706; 6,262,833; 6,300,932; and 6,312,304, and inInternational Applications Publication Nos. WO 97/04398; WO 98/03896; WO98/19208; WO 98/41898; WO 98/41899; WO 99/10769; WO 99/10768; WO99/10767; WO 99/53373; WO 99/56171; WO 99/59101; WO 99/47970; WO00/03349; WO 00/03291; WO 99/67678; WO 00/05704; WO 99/53371; WO00/20921; WO 00/20922; WO 00/20923; WO 00/26761; WO 00/36465; WO00/38000; WO 00/38001; WO 00/36560; WO 00/20922; WO 00/36666; WO00/59625; WO 00/60410; WO 00/67110; WO 00/67327 WO 01/02899; WO01/07691; WO 01/08242; WO 01/17029; WO 01/17040; and WO 01/80287.

An encapsulated, electrophoretic display typically does not suffer fromthe clustering and settling failure mode of traditional electrophoreticdevices and provides further advantages, such as the ability to print orcoat the display on a wide variety of flexible and rigid substrates.(Use of the word “printing” is intended to include all forms of printingand coating, including, but without limitation: pre-metered coatingssuch as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascadecoating, curtain coating; roll coating such as knife over roll coating,forward and reverse roll coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spraycoating; meniscus coating; spin coating; brush coating; air knifecoating; silk screen printing processes; electrostatic printingprocesses; thermal printing processes; ink jet printing processes; andother similar techniques.) Thus, the resulting display can be flexible.Further, because the display medium can be printed (using a variety ofmethods), the display itself can be made inexpensively.

It is shown in copending Application Ser. No. 60/280,951, filed Apr. 2,2001 that some particle-based electrophoretic are capable of gray scaleand that such gray scale displays are stable not only in their extremeblack and white states but also in their intermediate gray states.Methods to achieve gray states include spatial, temporal and voltageaddressing methods such as dithering, time-width modulation, andvoltage-height modulation. Thus, this type of display is properly called“multi-stable” rather than bistable, although the latter term may beused for convenience herein.

The bistable or multi-stable behavior of electrophoretic displays (andother electro-optic displays displaying similar behavior) is in markedcontrast to that of conventional liquid crystal (“LC”) displays. Twistednematic liquid crystals act are not bi- or multi-stable but act asessentially instantaneous voltage transducers, so that applying a givenelectric field to a pixel of such a display produces a specific graylevel at the pixel, regardless of the gray level previously present atthe pixel. Furthermore, LC displays are only driven in one direction(from non-transmissive or “dark” to transmissive or “light”), thereverse transition from a lighter state to a darker one being effectedby reducing or eliminating the electric field. Finally, a pixel of an LCdisplay is not sensitive to the polarity of the electric field, only toits magnitude, and indeed to avoid undesirable effects, such as damageto electrodes, caused by current imbalance through a display, commercialLC displays usually reverse the polarity of the driving field atfrequent intervals. In contrast, electrophoretic displays act as impulsetransducers, so that the final state of a pixel depends not only uponthe electric field applied and the time for which this field is applied,but also upon the state of the pixel prior to the application of theelectric field.

The bistable or multi-stable (also sometimes referred to as “latching”or “memory”) characteristics of electrophoretic displays affect thechoice of addressing methods to be used with such displays. Otherfactors which influence the choice of addressing methods to be usedinclude the need for DC addressing because of the sensitivity ofelectrophoretic displays to the polarity of the electric field, and thedesirability of DC-balanced waveforms; to avoid potentially harmfulchanges at the electrodes, it is desirable that the algebraic sum of theimpulses applied to any given pixel of an electrophoretic display overtime be zero. Also, the addressing method should allow for the lack of athreshold in electrophoretic displays; since such displays are impulsetransducers, with a nearly linear relationship between (a) the productof voltage and time and (b) the change in optical characteristic of thedisplay, even a small voltage applied for a substantial time will causea change in the optical characteristic of the display. This normallyprecludes the use of passive matrix addressing methods.

Frequently, high resolution electrophoretic displays consist of pixelslaid out in an array, with a transistor construction behind each pixelin a so-called “active matrix” arrangement. This arrangement can furtherbe subdivided into sub-pixels. However all the transistors are in aplane, and control an array of bottom electrodes that are either on thesame plane or on an adjacent plane just above or below. As such, thearray is addressed in a two-dimensional or XY manner where pixels arereferenced by row and column.

One problem with such high resolution displays is the sheer number ofdrivers required. In an array addressed in an XY manner, if there are xcolumns and y rows, x+y drivers are needed to address x*y pixels. Forexample, a color 640×480 display with three sub-pixels per pixel has640×480×3=921,600 pixels and would typically be addressed by 480 rowdrivers and 1920 column drivers for a total of 2400 display drivers.Especially in small displays, the cost of the drivers rivals or mayoutweigh the cost of the electro-optic material.

In one aspect, the present invention provides an electronic displaywhich reduces the number of drivers required.

Another problem with such high resolution displays is the time taken toaddress the display. Normally, in an active matrix display, one row ofthe display is activated at a time, and all the pixels in that row areaddressed by applying appropriate voltages to the various columns. Ifaddressing one row takes k seconds, at least k*y seconds are required toaddress the complete display. If the addressing scheme used requiresthat each row be addressed for the time necessary to completely addressan electrophoretic medium (which is typically of the order of 100milliseconds), the total time taken to address the display may beundesirably great. Similar considerations apply to displays using othertypes of electro-optic materials.

In another aspect the present invention provides various methods forreducing the time needed to completely address an electronic display.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention provides an electronicdisplay comprising an electro-optic material having a plurality ofpixels, and separate first, second and third sets of addressing meansfor addressing the pixels, each of the pixels being associated with oneaddressing means in each of the three sets, such that any specific pixelof the display can be addressed by application of signals withinpredetermined ranges to each of the three addressing means associatedwith that specific pixel.

This invention also provides an electronic display comprising anelectro-optic material having a plurality of separately addressablepixels, wherein the number of driver outputs to the pixels is less thanthe square root of the number of pixels.

In another aspect, this invention provides a method of addressing anelectronic display, the method comprising:

-   -   providing an electro-optic material having a plurality of        pixels; providing first, second and third sets of addressing        means for addressing the pixels, each of the pixels being        associated with one addressing means in each of the three sets;        and    -   applying predetermined signals to the three addressing means        associated with a specific pixel, thereby addressing this pixel.

This type of addressing method will hereinafter be called“three-dimensional addressing” and the corresponding display may becalled a “three-dimensional display”, it being understood that this doesnot necessarily imply that the pixels of the display have substantialextent in all three dimensions; for example, the pixels might bearranged in a large planar array, but electrically grouped intosub-arrays for purposes of addressing the display, with the selection ofany one sub-array being made by the third set of addressing means.

In another aspect, this invention provides a method of addressing abistable electronic display having a plurality of pixels arranged in anarray comprising a plurality of rows and plurality of columns, themethod comprising selecting a plurality of rows or columns and applyinga simultaneous and equivalent switching impulse to all selected rows andcolumns.

In another aspect, this invention provides a method of addressing abistable electronic display having a plurality of pixels arranged in aplurality of rows, the method comprising:

-   -   (a) comparing a starting state of the display with a desired        finishing state and determining for each pixel a change value        representative of the change needed to change the starting state        of that pixel to its desired finishing state; and    -   (b) calculating from the pixel change values for each row, a        switch direction value for that row, this switch direction value        representing the value for which, if all pixels in that row were        changed by the switch direction value, the row switch time        required to switch the row to the desired finishing state would        be minimized.

This method may also include any one or more of the following steps:

-   -   (c) calculating the average switch direction value for all rows        of the display;    -   (d) identifying all rows with switch direction values less than        the average switch direction value calculated in step (c);    -   (e) calculating the average switch direction value of all rows        identified in step (d);    -   (f) applying to all rows identified in step (d) an impulse        sufficient to cause a change in state equal to the average        switch direction value calculated in step (e);    -   (g) identifying all rows with switch direction values greater        than the average switch direction value calculated in step (c);    -   (h) calculating the average switch direction value of all rows        identified in step (g); and    -   (i) applying, to all rows identified in step (g), an impulse        sufficient to cause a change in state equal to the average        switch direction value calculated in step (g).

In another aspect, this invention provides a method of addressing abistable electronic display having a plurality of pixels, each of thesepixels having a first display state, a second display state differing inat least one optical characteristic from the first display state, and aplurality of intermediate states having values of this opticalcharacteristic intermediate those of the first and second displaystates. The method comprises driving all the pixels of the display tothe same one of the intermediate states; and thereafter addressing thepixels individually to drive them to their desired states.

In another aspect, this invention provides a method of addressing abistable electronic display having a plurality of pixels arranged in aplurality of rows and columns. The method comprises:

-   -   (a) comparing a starting state of the display with a desired        finishing state and determining for each pixel a change value        representative of the change needed to change the starting state        of that pixel to its desired finishing state;    -   (b) comparing the change values of pixels in differing rows but        the same column and locating at least two of these pixels having        the same change value; and    -   (c) addressing these at least two pixels having the same value        simultaneously by addressing the rows and the column on which        these pixels are located.

In another aspect this invention provides a method of addressing abistable electronic display having a plurality of pixels, the methodcomprising comparing a starting state of the display with a desiredfinishing state and determining which pixels differ between the twostates; and addressing only those pixels which differ between the twostates.

Finally, this invention provides a method of addressing a bistableelectronic display having a plurality of pixels. This method comprises:

-   -   providing an array of island capacitors associated with the        pixels of the display; through passive matrix XY addressing,        introducing electrical charge into the capacitors in a pattern        matching the image desired on the display; and    -   thereafter allowing the charges on the capacitors to complete        the addressing of the pixels of the display.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings are schematic circuitdiagrams of first, second and third three-dimensionally addresseddisplays of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of a fourth three-dimensionallyaddressed display of the present invention having the form of amulti-page electronic book;

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate one method of providing addressing means inthe type of display shown in FIG. 4 and in a similar display;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are partially perspective and partially schematic viewsof an electronic book with multiple electronically addressable pages.

FIG. 7A is a partially perspective and partially schematic view of anelectronic book with multiple electronically addressable pages open to asingle such page.

FIG. 7B is a partially perspective and partially schematic view of anelectronic book configured with column and row address electrodes on apreceding page and a ground plane on a following page.

FIG. 8 is a schematic view of an electronically addressable pageconfigured for simplified address line layout and partial pageaddressability with column strobe.

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of an electronically addressable pageconfigured for multi-layer address line layout and full pageaddressability with column strobe.

FIG. 10A is a schematic view of an electronically addressable pageconfigured for row addressing with analog selected column lines.

FIG. 10B is a schematic detail of the analog column select scheme.

FIG. 11A is a schematic view of an electronically addressable pageconfigured for row addressing with digital selected column lines.

FIG. 11B is a schematic detail of the digital column select scheme.

FIG. 11C is a schematic view of an electronically addressable pageconfigured for digitally selected row lines and column lines.

FIG. 11D is a schematic detail of an array of row and column addressinglines suitable for in-plane switched or dielectrophoretic switchedelectronically addressable contrast media.

FIGS. 12A-12D are schematic details of various electronicallyaddressable contrast media.

FIGS. 12E-12F are schematic details of a two part dye basedelectronically addressable contrast medium.

FIGS. 12G-12L are schematic details of in plane switched and nearin-plane switched electronically addressable contrast media.

FIGS. 12M-12P are schematic details of dielectrophoretic switchedelectronically addressable contrast media.

FIG. 13A-13E are schematic details of various switch and relayassemblies.

FIGS. 14A-14E are schematic details of various switch structures.

FIGS. 14F-14I are schematic details of various printed switchstructures.

FIGS. 15A-15D are schematic details of various optically addressed andopto-electronic switch structures.

FIGS. 16A and 16B are partially perspective and partially schematicviews of a single page of an electronic book and a means for binding amultiplicity of such pages.

FIG. 17 is a schematic view of an electronic address/date book withmultiple display pages.

FIGS. 18-22 illustrate five different three-dimensionally addresseddisplays of the present invention, all of which use a photoconductor aspart of an addressing method using light sources and light valves.

The accompanying drawings are highly schematic and not to scale,emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principlesof the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As already mentioned, the three dimensional displays and methods of thepresent invention use an electro-optic material having a plurality ofpixels, and separate first, second and third sets of addressing meansfor addressing the pixels. In this display and method, each of thepixels is associated with one addressing means in each of the threesets, such that addressing of any specific pixel requires application ofsignals within predetermined ranges to each of the three addressingmeans associated with that specific pixel. The additional dimension isaccomplished by introducing a method of addressing sub-arrays within thearray. By thus substituting a three-dimensional addressing scheme for atwo-dimensional one, the number of drivers can be greatly reduced. Ineffect, the present invention splits the display into z regions, eachaddressable by the x columns and y rows, enabling the entire display ofx*y*z pixels to be addressed by x+y+z drivers. For example, theaforementioned color 640×480 display with three sub-pixels per pixelcould be addressed by 64 columns and 240 rows replicated across 60regions for a total of 364 drivers for the same 921,600 pixels, reducingdriver cost substantially. In this and many other cases of practicalinterest, the present invention enables the number of drivers (or moreaccurately driver outputs), to be reduced to less than the square rootof the number of pixels in the display, a highly desirable result whichcannot be achieved by conventional addressing methods. The additionaldimension may comprise only a logical sub-array, or may include aphysical sub-array that may even comprise an additional layer in thedisplay stack.

In the three-dimensional display of the present invention, in which thepixels are arranged in a plurality of sub-arrays, each pixel within anyspecific sub-array can be associated with one of the first and secondsets of addressing means, and the third set of addressing means can havethe form of a plurality of switching means, at least one of which isassociated with each sub-array, the switching means associated with eachsub-array having an off state, in which signals on at least one of thefirst and second sets of addressing means are prevented from reachingthe associated sub-array, and an on state, in which signals from boththe first and second sets of addressing means are permitted to reach andaddress the associated sub-array. Such a display may have control meansarranged to control the switching means so that only the switching meansassociated with one sub-array is in its on state at any given moment.

Thus, for example, the additional layer of logic may consist of aplatform hierarchy. In this hierarchy, one transistor may act as a gatethat controls additional transistors. This may be accomplishedphysically by wiring a cluster of transistors to a central transistor.The central transistor may be in the same plane as the pixel transistorsor may be in a different layer but still in electrical communication. Inthis approach the cluster-level transistor and the pixel-leveltransistor can be individual transistors or whole logic structurescapable of some degree of intelligence and processing. The clustertransistors may be addressed in an XY manner with an addressing signalthat communicates how the sub-array should be addressed. This hierarchymay be repeated in multiple logical or physical layers, permitting manypixels to be addressed by a few central transistors.

Because of the bistable nature of electrophoretic displays, one way toutilize the hierarchy involves first setting the cluster logicstructures to open electrical communication to one (or a subset inparallel) of the downstream pixels. These pixels are then addressed byan XY scan. The clusters are then reset to open communication with adifferent set of downstream pixels. These pixels are then addressed byan XY scan; however the image from the first set of pixels is not lostbecause it remains visible even when not being addressed.

In one form of the invention using sub-arrays, each sub-array comprisesa discrete page, the pages formed by the plurality of sub-arrays beingstacked on top of each other so that the entire display forms amulti-page electronic book. Thus, this invention provides economicaldevices that look and feel like multi-page books. Such a book may haveconductive vias extending between adjacent pages and connecting at leastone of the first and second sets of addressing means on the adjacentpages. Display of this type are described below with reference to FIGS.4-17. Alternatively, each sub-array may correspond to a different columnin a newspaper, and thus the present invention provides a largepaper-like display the size of a newspaper broadsheet that may beeconomically addressed.

As already indicated, in the three-dimensional display of the presentinvention, the first, second and third sets of addressing devices canall have the form of electrical conductors and/or electronic devices,typically transistors. However, the present invention is not restrictedto this purely electrically or electronic approach. In another approach,the operation of sub-arrays within a basic pixel array are madecontingent on an external gate based on temperature, light, vibration,magnetism, radio waves, or other suitable force. For example, supposethe pixel-level logic structures comprise microelectromechanical system(MEMS) devices with a metal see-saw switch that cannot move in thepresence of a magnetic field. An array of such structures is addressedwith XY coordinates. However, adjacent to such array is a layer ofmaterial capable of emitting a magnetic field, this layer being dividedinto halves. When only one half is active, only half the display can beaddressed. Suppose that the Y addressing means are wired in parallel sothat activating the Yth column activates two columns, one in each half.Only the column not in the magnetic field actually causes switching tooccur. In this manner, the magnetic layer provides another addressingdimension, permitting three-dimensional addressing.

The three-dimensional addressing methods of the present invention may beespecially useful when at least one of the sets of addressing devicesmakes use of a photoconductor. The display may comprise a light source(for example, a light-emitting layer) associated with the photoconductorand selectively operable to switch the photoconductor between aconductive and a non-conductive state. The light source may be anelectroluminescent material. Alternatively, the display may comprise alight source associated with the photoconductor and a light valvedisposed between the light source and the photoconductor and arranged tocontrol transmission of light from the light source to thephotoconductor. Any suitable light valve maybe used, including lightvalves operating by use of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC),suspended particle and electrochromicity. A PDLC light valve is apreferred embodiment due to the relative ease of obtaining thin sheetsof such media at low cost.

Although using light valves has the disadvantages that a largeproportion of the light emitted from the light-emitting layer is wasted,reducing device lifetime, and an additional layer is required,thickening the medium and complicating manufacture, these disadvantagestend to be outweighed by the major advantage that light valve layers canbe made inexpensive and flexible.

There are a variety of arrangements available with light valves. Forexample, in one embodiment, the display may comprise a plurality oflight sources arranged as a series of elongate rows, and a plurality oflight valves arranged as series of elongate columns crossing theelongate rows, the light sources and light valves together defining atwo-dimensional array of pixels in the photoconductor. In anotherembodiment, the display may have the form of a plurality of pagesstacked on top of one another to form a multi-page electronic display,and each page may have a single light source and a single light valve,so that the page or pages to be written at any given moment are selectedby controlling the state of the light valves. In a further embodiment,the first addressing means comprises a plurality of electricalconductors and means for applying potentials selectively to theseconductors, the second addressing means comprises a plurality of lightemitting devices and means for generating light selectively from theselight emitting devices, and the third addressing means comprises aplurality of light valves and means for selectively setting these lightvalves to their transmissive or non-transmissive states.

One convenient application of the three-dimensional addressing schemesof the present invention is in electronic displays having three sets ofpixels arranged to display different colors. In this type of display,the third set of addressing means may be arranged to select one of thethree sets of pixels to be addressed at any given moment. A display ofthis type is described below with reference to FIG. 20.

The present display and method are not restricted to the use of onlythree dimensions for addressing. A display of the present invention maycomprise a fourth set of addressing means for addressing the pixels,this fourth set being separate from the first, second and third sets ofaddressing means. Each of the pixels of the display is associated withone addressing means in each of the four sets, such that addressing ofany specific pixel of the display requires application of signals withinpredetermined ranges to each of the four addressing means associatedwith that specific pixel, thus providing a four-dimensional addressingscheme. For example, in the embodiment of the invention described abovewhich simulates a broadsheet newspaper, it may be convenient to dividethe large display into a two-dimensional grid of sub-arrays, eachsub-array being addressed in the conventional XY manner by the first andsecond sets of addressing means, while the selection of the sub-array tobe addressed at any given moment is controlled, also in an XY manner, bythe third and fourth sets of addressing means.

As already indicated, the electro-optic material used in the display ofthe present invention is preferably an electrophoretic medium, mostdesirably an encapsulated electrophoretic medium, as described in theaforementioned patents and published applications. The present inventionrequires no modification of the electrophoretic medium itself, so thepreferred media will not be described in detail herein, the reader beingreferred to the aforementioned patents and published applications whichdescribe the preferred electrophoretic media in detail. Other types ofelectro-optic materials could also be used. The electro-optic mediumcould, for example, be of the rotating bichromal object type asdescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,803,783; 5,777,782 and5,760,761. The medium could also be any of the class of electrochromicand suspended particle displays. Other types of electro-optic materials,include, for example, liquid crystal, especially polymer-dispersedand/or reflective liquid crystal, and suspended rod-shaped particledevices; see Saxe, Information Display, April/May 1996 (Society forInformation Display), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,407,565.

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, though by way ofillustration only, with reference to the accompanying drawings.

As already indicated, XYZ addressing can be accomplished when there is aseparate method of addressing or affecting the cluster-level transistorstructures, aside from the conventional XY array. One very simpleexample of such addressing is shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanyingdrawings. This Figure shows a first display of the present invention(generally designated 11) having row drivers X1, X2, X3 and columndrivers Y1, Y2. Cluster structures 13 are provided connected to the rowdrivers X1, X2, X3, these cluster structures each having first andsecond states. When the cluster structures 13 are in their first state,they connect the row drivers X1, X2, X3 to the odd lines of the display,designated Z1, thus enabling addressing of pixels 15 located on theseodd rows, and isolate the row drivers from the even lines of thedisplay, designated Z2. On the other hand, when the cluster structures13 are in their second state, they connect the row drivers X1, X2, X3 tothe even lines Z2 of the display, thus enabling addressing of pixels 17located on these even rows, and isolate the row drivers from the oddlines Z1 of the display 11. This logic occurs at the cluster structure(or in such a simple example, could also occur by simply by wiring X andZ together at the pixel structure and splitting the necessary thresholdactivation voltage in half between them). Thus, the display 11 achievesXYZ addressing that functions in an manner similar to interlacing.

FIG. 2 illustrates a second display (generally designated 21) using avariation of the same approach. In this display 21, a single line Zconnected to the clusters 13 can vary between two values, say 0 and 1.The cluster logic is such that when the Z value is 0, the input on rowdrivers X1, X2, X3 affects the pixels above (in FIG. 2) the clusters 13,but when the Z value is 1, the input on row drivers X1, X2, X3 affectsthe pixels below the clusters 13.

As already noted, the three-dimensional addressing method of the presentinvention is particularly useful with displays using photoconductors foraddressing. It has previously been proposed to address electronicdisplay media by means of light impinging upon a photoconductor; see,for example, Blazo, High Resolution Electrophoretic Display withPhotoconductor Addressing, SID Digest, 1982, pages 92-93, and theaforementioned International Application Publication No. WO 99/47970 ofE Ink Corporation. In one such addressing scheme (hereinafter forconvenience called the “row light-emitter scheme”), the displaycomprises in sequence:

-   -   (a) a first transparent electrode, typically formed from indium        tin oxide (ITO), which is patterned into columns;    -   (b) the display medium itself, which may be an electrophoretic        display medium, preferably an encapsulated electrophoretic        display medium;    -   (c) a photoconductor layer;    -   (d) a second, light-transmissive electrode in electrical contact        with the photoconductor layer; and    -   (e) a light-emitting layer patterned into rows.

Whenever a row of the light-emitting layer is activated, thecorresponding region of the photoconductor is able to conduct currentand the columns of the first electrode can control the image of thatrow. This embodiment is appropriate when the light source (e.g. anelectroluminescent (EL) light source) does not have a threshold. Onedrawback of this approach is that the light from each row must stay onfor all or most of the time required for the display medium to image. Ifthis takes k seconds, it may require up to k*y seconds to address yrows.

In a second such addressing scheme (hereinafter for convenience calledthe “pixelated light-emitter scheme”), the first electrode is notpatterned, and the light-emitting layer is pixelated (i.e., patternedinto a two-dimensional grid of individually controllable pixels) so thatit can apply any desired image to the photoconductor layer. Where lightis present, the photoconductor layer conducts current, the correspondingportions of the display medium experience an electric field and thedisplay medium is imaged accordingly. Provided the display medium usedis bistable, the light-emitting layer may then be switched off until theimage needs to be changed. This addressing scheme is especially usefulwhen the light source (e.g. organic light-emitting diodes (OLED's)) hasa threshold and may be passively addressed. An advantage of thisapproach is that the light pattern is applied across all rowssimultaneously and only k seconds are required to address y rows. Adisadvantage is that only certain light-emitting materials may be easilymultiplexed.

As already noted, both addressing schemes require numerous drivers, forexample 2400 drivers for a full color 640×480 display, and in smalldisplays especially the cost of the drivers rivals or may outweigh thecost of the electro-optic material. The present invention enables thenumber of such drivers to be greatly reduced by forming separatelyaddressable regions or sub-arrays. Such separately addressable regionsmay be formed in several ways.

FIG. 3 illustrates one way of forming such separately addressableregions. This Figure shows a third display of the present invention(generally designated 101) having a first region comprising rows 103,105 and 107 and a second region comprising rows 113, 115 and 117. Eachrow is connected to a driver 119, the rows 103 and 113 being connectedvia a driver line 123, the rows 105 and 115 by a driver line 125, andthe rows 107 and 117 by a driver line 127. Each row is provided with alogic element 129 or 131, such as a transistor, that governs whethervoltage reaches the light-emitting region of a row. As shown in FIG. 3,several rows in different regions may be wired to a common driver line,yet only a combination of voltage across a row and voltage to theassociated transistor will result in light emission from any given row.

Also, as already indicated, the separately addressable regions may beseparate sheets of the display medium, as illustrated in FIG. 4. ThisFigure shows a fourth display (generally designated 51) of the inventionhaving the form of a multi-page electronic book; although only two pagesP1 and P2 are shown in FIG. 4, more pages would normally be present.Each page is provided with a set of row electrodes r1, r2, r3 under thecontrol of row drivers (not shown). The row electrodes r1, r2, r3 on thevarious pages are connected the rows in parallel, each row electrodepassing through a conductive pad 53, which extends through the pages ofthe display medium as a via. When the individual pages are placedadjacent and in approximate registration with each other (much like abound book) the vias extend from the top page to the bottom page inelectrical connection. Any suitable means of providing this connectionmay be employed, such as anisotropic tapes, zebra stripes, conductiveglues, and the like. Any suitable means of via formation (whether at thestep where each sheet is constructed or afterwards to create a viathrough all sheets) may be employed. The pages P1, P2 are provided withcolumn electrodes under the control of column drivers, both the columnelectrodes and the column drivers being omitted from FIG. 4 for ease ofillustration. The column electrodes on the various pages are alsoconnected in parallel by vias in the same way as the row electrodes. Thethird set of addressing means in the display 51 comprises a set oftransistors 55, one of which is provided in each row electrode r1, r2,r3 in each page of the display. The transistors 55 are controlled bycontrol lines z1, z2, all of the transistors on any one page being on oroff simultaneously.

The display 51 operates in the following manner. One row electrode (sayr1) is selected in the usual manner, and because of the presence of thevias 53 this selects r1 on each page P1, P2. However, the transistors 55on only one of the pages P1, P2 are turned on, so that the portion ofthe row electrode r1 adjacent the electrophoretic medium (not shown) isselected on only one page. Accordingly, when appropriate voltages areplaced on the column electrodes, only the selected row on the selectedpage is addressed.

FIG. 5A illustrates a convenient method of forming the transistors 55used in FIG. 4, or any other display using similar transistor arrays.One benefit of the display 51 shown in FIG. 4 is that the transistorsare all present in narrow strips on each page. Accordingly, as shown inFIG. 5A, the necessary transistors may be formed by any conventionalprocess on a sheet 61, which is then cut, as indicated by the brokenlines 63, to form multiple transistor strips 65. The individual pages ofthe display 51 are prepared in the form shown in FIG. 5A with theindividual row electrodes broken where the transistors 55 are to beinserted, and the adjacent ends terminated in conductive pads 67. Thetransistor strip 65 is than secured in position on the page to form thecompleted structure shown in FIG. 4.

The strip 65 need not be formed on a flexible substrate. For example, athin, inflexible strip placed in a column orientation as shown in FIG.5A would not interfere with the flexibility of the visible portion ofthe display medium, since the strip 65 can be placed in a regioncorresponding to the spine and binding of a conventional book. Thetransistors in the strip 65 could also be combined with on-board drivelogic, such as shift registers. In this way, each transistor could beseparately addressed, either eliminating the need for row drivers orreducing the number of drive lines required.

The transistors 55 shown in FIG. 4 need not be formed by the process ofFIG. 5A; the transistors may be placed onto the sheets of medium by anysuitable means. For flexible media, thin film transistors (TFT's) on aflexible substrate (whether amorphous silicon or polycrystallinesilicon) and including methods like flexible integrated circuits,organic TFT's, and the method of International Application PublicationNo. WO 96/41372 are all suitable. Alternatively, transistor formationcould be performed directly on the sheet substrate.

FIG. 5B shows a variation of the method of FIG. 5A which may be usefulin forming the photoconductor-containing displays discussed below. Asshown in FIG. 5B, on a page P, which will eventually form part of amulti-page display, a single row electrode r1 is connected to aplurality of electroluminescent strips 71; only three strips 71 areshown, but more would of course normally be used. The connectionsbetween row electrode r1 and strips 71 are broken where transistors areto be inserted, the ends adjacent the break being terminated byconductive pads 73. To produce the finished page P, a transistor strip75, formed in the same manner as in FIG. 5A, is secured across thebreaks in the connections. Note that unlike the transistor strip 63shown in FIG. 5A, in which all the transistors switch off or onsimultaneously, the strip 75 requires that its transistors beindividually controllable, so that a single strip 71 can be selected foroperation.

As already indicated, the display of the present invention may have theform of a multi-page electronic book. Before discussing additional formsof such multi-page electronic books of the invention, it is considereddesirable to provide a more general discussion of the utility of suchbooks, and the problems associated with such books.

In the prior art, the concept of an electronic book (such as the omnibook concept invented by Alan Kay now of Apple Computer) typicallyconnotes a device with a single electronically addressable display inwhich pages of text are displayed sequentially in time as a function ofsome input. Further, in EP 618 715 A, an electronic notebook havingthree pages of addressable liquid crystal displays is disclosed. On theother hand real paper books contain multiple pages which may be accessedby means of a natural haptic input. Such pages however, once printed,are not changeable.

As already indicated, a display of the present invention may be in theform of an electronic book with multiple electronically addressabledisplays. Such an electronic book embodies the representation ofinformation on a multiplicity of physical pages which may beelectronically addressed or “typeset” such that the contents of saidpages may be changed by means of an electronic signal and which mayfurther be handled, physically moved and written on. The advantages ofsuch a book of the present invention include the ability, from within asingle electronic book, to access a large realm of information, whichwould normally encompass many volumes of standard paper books whilestill maintaining the highly preferred natural haptic and visualinterface of said normal paper books. As such, an electronic book withmultiple electronically addressable page displays, as disclosed herein,constitutes a highly useful means of information interaction.

Thus, this invention provides an electronic book with multipleelectronically addressable page displays. In one embodiment such pagedisplays may be thin, low cost and formed on paper or paper likesubstrates. Such substrates may be real paper, ultra thin glass,plastic, polymer, elastomer or other suitable material which embody someor a majority of paper like qualities including thinness, structure,manipulability or other characteristics normally associated with paperin its role as a hapticly and visually interactable display ofinformation. Said page displays additionally comprise address lines andelectronically addressable contrast media which may be bistable mediasuch that texts or images written to said page displays may bemaintained without the application of power. Said page displays mayfurther comprise page strobe or page address logic for the purpose ofelectrically addressing a particular page in said multiple page displaybook.

Said book may additionally contain electronic memory, an internal powersource, controls and interfaces, which may either be wired, wireless oroptical, for interfacing to various sources of data or communications.Such an electronic memory may contain the informational content, bothtextual and graphical, comprised in a multiplicity of normal paperbooks. A user may then select a book of choice and cause, by means of acontrol, the electronically addressable pages of said book to be“typeset” such that after some time delay the pages of said electronicbook display the desired contents.

The invention provides for means of manufacturing the pages of saidelectronic book in a low cost way on a paper or paper like substrate.The invention further provides for means of binding such pages andaddressing such a multiple page electronic book. Additional featuresincluding an interface and the ability to write in a reversible mannerand have such writing recorded are also described. Further features andaspects will become apparent from the following description.

Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, a book 10 is composed of multipleelectronically addressable page displays forming a multiple page displayensemble 20 in which each page of said ensemble may be individuallyelectronically addressed. Said book may additionally contain:

-   -   An internal power source 40 such as a battery;    -   Electronic display drivers 50 to write information to said page        displays where said drivers may write information contained in a        memory or alternatively may write information obtained via a        suitable interface or alternatively may write information from        another source such as an electronic pen or stylus or from        another suitable source;    -   Memory 60 which may be a solid state memory such as flash memory        or bubble memory or may be another form of memory such an        optical disk or magnetic media or may be any other form of        memory. Such memory may contain information including text        and/or graphics. Such information may be for instance the text        and graphics of a selection of books or journals. Further said        memory may be programmable or re-programmable. Alternatively        said memory may be permanent. Said memory may also be removable        for the purposes of re-programming or for other purposes.        Alternatively said memory may be a fixed memory. Said memory may        also be interfaced to said electronic drivers and may further be        interfaced to an external source;    -   A fast display 70 which may be an LCD display for displaying a        certain subset of the information contained in said memory such        as book titles;    -   Control buttons 80 which may be used for accessing the        information contained in said memory and causing said        information to be displayed on said fast display or on said page        displays or to access some other control function;    -   A title space 30 which may be composed of a similar        electronically addressable structure to said page displays;    -   Additional electronic elements 90 which may include a receiver        or transmitter or other means of communications such as a data        port or a modem or any other suitable interface. Said additional        components may additionally contain a processor or        microprocessor and any other components known in the art of        computers or portable computers or any other electronic        components useful in the operation of said electronic book.

Referring to FIG. 7A said book 10 contains electronically addressablepage displays 100 which combine to form an ensemble of multiple pagedisplays 20. Said book may additionally comprise a cover 140 and spine130 which may hold various elements as described in reference to FIGS.6A and 6B. Such page displays 100 are composed of a substrate 105, anelectronically addressable contrast media 120, and address lines 110.Said book 10 and said page displays 100 are configured such thatsubstantially different information can be written or electronically“typeset” on the different page displays 100 which comprise the multiplepage ensemble 20.

In a preferred embodiment said page displays may be thin, low cost andformed on paper or paper like substrates. Such substrates may be realpaper, synthetic paper, ultra thin glass, plastic, polymer, elastomer,thin metal, carbon fiber or other suitable material which embody some ora majority of paper like qualities including thinness, structure,manipulability or other characteristics normally associated with paperin its role as a hapticly and visually interactable display ofinformation.

Said address lines may be composed of transparent conducting polymers,transparent conductors such as indium tin oxide, thin metal conductorsor other suitable conductors. Such address lines may be applied byvacuum deposition, sputtering, photolithography or may be printed viaink jet systems or laser printer systems or may be applied via otherappropriate means. Further such address lines may additionally beinsulated with an appropriate insulator such as a non conducting polymeror other suitable insulator. Alternatively insulating layers may beapplied in such manner to effect electrical isolation between row androw conducting lines, between row and column address lines, betweencolumn and column address lines or for other purposes of electricalisolation.

Said contrast media may be electrochromic material, rotatablemicroencapsulated microspheres, polymer dispersed liquid crystals(PDLC's), polymer stabilized liquid crystals, surface stabilized liquidcrystal, smectic liquid crystal, ferroelectric material,electroluminescent material or any other of a very large number ofcontrast media known in the prior art. Certain such contrast media, suchas microencapsulated media, may be printed via an ink jet or ink jetlike system or may be applied via other appropriate means.

FIG. 7B is an electronic book configured with row 230 and column 210electrodes on the back of a preceding page 107′ and a ground plane 108embedded in a following page 100. Such an arrangement allows foraddressing of said electronic page displays when said electronic book isin the closed state while allowing said page displays to be viewedwithout having to look through a top a electrode when said book is inthe open condition. The operation of such addressing is effected byeither cancelling or adding to the electric field produced by addresslines of the complimentary orthogonality.

FIG. 8 depicts a preferred embodiment of a page display 100incorporating a simplified address line scheme configured for partialpage addressability. A substrate 105 has deposited on or embedded in itan underlying array of row address lines 230, an electronicallyaddressable contrast medium 120 and an array of column address lines210. A book configuration requires that all address lines aresubstantially accessible along or near a single edge of the book page.Such is the case with the schemes described herein. In the preferredembodiment row lines 230 and column lines 210 are common to each page inthe multiple page ensemble. Pages are addressed individually via a pageaddress strobe comprised of page address strobe control lines 200 and205 and page address strobe switches 220 which control whether or not aparticular page's column address lines are active in response to signalapplied to said page address strobe control lines. It is understoodhowever that in each of the embodiments described page strobing may beobviated in exchange for a more complicated spine driver in which eachpage in the multiple page ensemble may be wired directly and separatelyto the display driver.

FIG. 9 depicts a preferred embodiment of a page display 100incorporating a multi-layer address line scheme configured for full pageaddressability. Edge column address line connectors 240 are connected tocolumn address lines 250 via a conducting connection 260. Such aconnection may be of conducting polymer, ITO, metal or other suitableconductor or may be a direct connection of the line 240 to 250 which mayfurther be bonded with a laser weld or non conducting or conductingepoxy or other adhesive. In all other areas where column address lineconnectors 240 cross column address lines 250 there is no conductingconnection as effected by the placement of a suitable insulating layer.The page strobe composed of page strobe control lines 200 and 205 andpage strobe switches 220 operate as in FIG. 8 to control the state ofsaid column address lines. As before column and row address lines may becommon to each page in the multiple page ensemble.

FIGS. 10A-10B are schematic views of an electronically addressable page100 in which row lines 260 emanate from the page edge and are connectedto the display driver. Row lines may be common to each page. Columnaddress lines are analog selected by means of applying appropriatevoltages between analog column switch control line 290 and 300 and 310and 320.

Referring to the detail, the analog column select scheme operates asfollows: Each column address line 270 may be denoted by a number jbetween 1 and N where N is the total number of column address lines perpage. Each column address line in turn is controlled via a set of twocolumn switches, 330 and 340, each of which in turn may be givendesignations k and l for the top and bottom control switches (330 and340) respectively where k and l both range from 1 to N.

Said column switches 330 and 340 have a uniform threshold in which thecolumn address lines 270 which they control become active (closedcircuit, denoted by a black filled box) if said column switch's controllines 290 and 300 and 310 and 320 respectively have a potentialdifference greater than a threshold voltage Vth as measured at saidswitch control line input. Resistors 350 connect said switches 330 or340 such that for a given applied potential difference on said switchcontrol lines each switch sees a different and monotonicly scaledpotential difference at its control line input face. Consider the casein which switch control line 290 and 310 are held at voltage V₁ and V₂respectively and switch control lines 300 and 320 are held at ground.The criterion for column address line j to be active and thus be at thepotential VC applied to common column address line bias 280 is:

V₁/(j*R)>V_(th) and V₂/(N−j)*R>V_(th)

Thus by choosing an appropriate value of V₁ and V₂ a single columnaddress line may be selected. In the example shown in the detail blackfilled control switches denote a closed switch condition and whitefilled control switches denote an open switch condition. Column line 2has been made active by the appropriate choice of V₁ and V₂ whereas allother column lines are inactive as for all other column lines at leastone column control switch is in the open circuit state. It is understoodthat a further simplification may be made by making

V₂=constant−V₁

such that only a single voltage line need be addressed. The analogcolumn switch control line or lines are unique and not common to eachpage thereby allowing for page selectability.

FIGS. 11A-11B are schematic views of an electronically addressable page100 in which row lines 260 emanate from the page edge and are connectedto the display driver. Row lines may be common to each page. Columnaddress lines are digital selected by means of applying appropriatelogical values for digital column switch control lines 380, 382 and 384with ground 390.

Referring to the detail, the digital column select scheme operates asfollows: Rows of digital column switches 370, 372 and 374 control columnaddress lines such that all such said column switches in a given columnmust be in a closed circuit state (black filled box) for said columnaddress line to be active. In order to control N column address lines itis required to have S rows of column switches such that S is the leastinteger greater than Log [N]/Log [2]. In the example shown in the detail3 rows of such column switches 370, 372 and 374 control 8 column addresslines 270. The first such row is wired such that a logical 1 applied tothe said row's column switch control line, 380, yields a state in whichthe first N/2 switches are in a closed circuit state and the second N/2switches are in an open circuit state. The second row, 382, is wiredsuch that said switch states alternate with a period of N*2⁻². The nthrow alternates with a period of N*2^(−m). Such a configuration allowsfor the unique selection of a single column address line such that saidselected column address line becomes active with the potential appliedto common column address bias 395. In the example shown in the detailcolumn address line 3 becomes active upon application of the logicalvalues 1, 0, 1 to column switch control lines 380, 382 and 384respectively.

Referring to FIG. 11C an electronically addressable page 100 may beconstructed in which both column address lines and row address lines aredigitally selected. Such a scheme minimizes the total number of addresslines emanating from the page and may simplify connections to off boardaddress logic. Such a scheme employs digital column switches 371,digital column switch control lines 381 with ground 390 and columnaddress line common terminal 395 as in FIGS. 11A-11B as well as digitalrow switches 373, digital row switch control lines 383 with ground 391and row address line common terminal 396. In this implementation thetotal number of leads required to emanate from the display page for thepurpose of addressing are:

Log [Nc]/Log [2]+Log [Nr]/Log [2]+4

in which Nc is the number of column address lines and Nr is the numberof row address lines. The additional 4 leads provide for switch groundsand common terminal lines. It is recognized that an even smaller numberof emanating leads may be employed by further addressing said switchcontrol lines with a further bank of control switches.

Finally it is also understood that any other suitable digital scheme inwhich each page has a page address may be employed as is known in theliterature and prior art of display addressing.

Referring to FIG. 11D row electrodes 260 and column electrodes 270 maybe configured to perform an in-plane switching function by means ofinsulating said lines from each other by the addition of an insulatingpad 264 and by addition of an added address line section 262. Two suchin-plane switching arrays, one lying on top of the other, are suitablefor performing a dielectrophoretic switching function.

Referring to FIGS. 12A-12D a great many electronically addressablecontrast media are known in the literature and prior art. In oneembodiment a dielectric sphere 440 with substantially different contrasthemispheres may be microencapsulated in a microcapsule 420 and may befree to rotate in a fluid 430. The orientation of such a sphere may becontrolled via the applied potential difference between electrode oraddress line 400 and 410. If one or both such electrodes aresubstantially transparent then an electronically addressable contrastmay be effected. Such systems are known to possess inherent bistabilityor memory during open circuit due to electrostatic stiction.

In another system polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC's) 450 may bemicroencapsulated or encapsulated in a microcapsule or capsule 420. Inthe absence of an applied bias between electrodes 400 and 410 saidPDLC's are not oriented and are thus highly scattering and thus opaque.Under the application of a bias said PDLC's become aligned and are thussubstantially transmitting. Thus, again, an electronically addressablecontrast may be effected. Additionally such a contrast system may be apolymer stabilized system as is known in the prior art such that saidsystem exhibits bistability.

In another system oriented LCD molecules 470 which may bemicroencapsulated in microcapsule 420 may be caused to rotationallyorient and thus change the polarization of incident light uponapplication of a bias between 400 and 410. When viewed through apolarizer 460 said arrangement may again effect an electronicallyaddressable contrast medium.

In another system an electrochromic material 480 and an electrolyte 490which may be a solid electrolyte are sandwiched between electrodes 400and 410. Application of a potential difference between said electrodeseffects an electronically addressable change of contrast. Saidelectrochromic systems are known in the prior art to be capable ofmemory, threshold, color capabilities and operability with a solidelectrolyte system.

Referring to FIGS. 12E-12F, another system, described in the PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/022,222 by Joseph M. Jacobson filed on Jul. 19,1996, a dye material 491 which may have an associated positive charge ormay be bound to a particle with a positive charge may be brought intoproximity or separated from the pH altering or solvent substance 492which may have a negative charge or be bound to a particle with anegative charge by means of an electric field applied to electrodes 400and 410. Such a chemical system, which may encapsulated in capsule 420,may constitute a field effect electronically addressable contrast mediain such case as the color of said dye material is altered by said pHaltering or solvent substance.

Referring to FIGS. 12G-12L, it may be desirable to avoid the use of atop transparent electrode 400 as such electrodes may degrade the opticalcharacteristics of the display. This may be accomplished in a reflectivedisplay by employing in-plane switching. In-plane switching techniqueshave been employed in transmissive LCD displays for another purpose,namely to increase viewing angle of such displays. In the PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/022,222, several in-plane switching techniquesmay be employed to obviate the need for a top electrode. In one suchsystem a dye material with an associated positive charge 491 and a pH orsolvent substance with an associated negative charge 492 may beseparated by means of an in-plane electric field effected by means ofapplication of a potential to in-plane electrodes 495 and 496. Such asystem is viewed from above and thus said electrodes may be opaque anddo not affect the optical characteristics of said display.

In another such system a bistable liquid crystal system of the typedemonstrated by Minolta is modified to be effected by in planeelectrodes such that a liquid crystal mixture transforms from a firsttransparent planar structure 497 to a second scattering focal conicstructure 498.

In another scheme, suitable for two color microspheres, a near in-planeswitching arrangement may be realized in which a two color microsphere440 is encapsulated in an outer capsule 420 which sits in a hole createdby a middle electrode 498. Applying a bias between said middle electrode498 and a bottom electrode 497 causes said sphere to rotate as afunction of the polarity of said bias.

In another scheme a field effect electrochromic contrast media may berealized by means of a microcapsule 420 containing phosphor particles500 and photoconductive semiconductor particles and dye indicatorparticles 501 in a suitable binder 499. Applying an AC field toelectrodes 495 and 496 causes AC electroluminescence which causes freecharge to be generated in the semi-conducting material further causingsaid dye indicator to change color state.

Referring to FIGS. 12M-12P an entirely different means may be employedto effect a rear address of said contrast media. In these schemes,disclosed in the Patent Application Ser. No. 60/022,222, thedielectrophoretic effect is employed in which a species of higherdielectric constant may be caused to move to a region of high electricfield.

Referring to FIGS. 12M and 12N a non-colored dye solvent complex, 503,which is stable when no field is applied across electrode pair 502 maybe caused to dissociate into colored dye 504 and solvent 505 componentsby means of an electric field 506 effected by a potential on electrodepair 502.

In another system stacked electrode pairs 502 and 507 may be employed toeffect a high field region in a higher 506, or lower, 508 plane thuscausing a higher dielectric constant material such as one hemisphere ofa bichromal microsphere, 440 or one species 483 of a mixture of coloredspecies, 483 and 484 to migrate to a higher or lower plane,respectively, and give the effect of differing color states. In suchschemes materials 509 which may be dielectric materials or may beconducting materials may be employed to shape said electric fields.

It is understood that any other electronically addressable contrastmedium may readily be substituted for those described above.

Referring to FIGS. 13A-13E means are described for implementing addressline control switches. Referring to the left uppermost figure addressinput line 510 is separated from address output line 520 by means ofspace 570 which may contain a polarizable fluid, conducting beads orfilings or other such substance such that when a bias is applied betweenswitch control lines 530 and 540 setting up an electrostatic fieldthrough insulators 550 and 560 and space 570 such that a substantialdecrease in resistivity is effected between lines 510 and 520.

In another system address input line 510 is separated from addressoutput line 520 by means of spacer 600 which may contain magneticallypoled microspheres 610 which have a substantially conducting hemisphereand a substantially insulating hemisphere. Application of a current toloop control line 580 effects a magnetic field as depicted which causessaid microspheres to line up with said substantially conductinghemisphere oriented such that they bridge said gap or space 600 thuseffecting a substantially closed circuit between 510 and 520. Insulator590 insulates said switch control lines from said address lines.

In another system address input line 510 is separated from addressoutput line 520 by means of space 630 which contains magnetically poledand electrically conducting spheres 640. Application of a current toswitch control line 620 effects the generation of a magnetic field asdepicted causing said spheres to line up forming a conducting bridgebetween 510 and 520 as is known in the literature and thus effecting asubstantially closed circuit between 510 and 520.

In another system address input line 510 has integral to it a conductingcantilever 515 separated from address output lines 520 by means of agap. Application of a potential difference between line 510 and switchcontrol line 650 causes an electrostatic attraction between saidcantilever and said address output line thus effecting a substantiallyclosed circuit between 510 and 520. Insulator 660 insulates said switchcontrol line from said address output line.

In another system address input line 510 has integral to it a conductingcantilever which further has integral to it a magnetic substance 690.Said magnetically active conducting cantilever is separated from addressoutput lines 520 by means of a gap. Application of a current to switchcontrol loop 670 effects the generation of a magnetic field which causessaid conducting cantilever to bend and make contact with said addressoutput line thus effecting a substantially closed circuit between 510and 520. Insulator 680 insulates said switch control line from saidaddress output line.

Referring to FIGS. 14A-14E several schemes are known in the literatureand the prior art for effecting an electronic switch or transistorfunction without moving parts. Referring to the upper figure addressinput line 510 is electrically isolated from address output line 520.Layers of scandium diphthalocyanine (ScPc₂) 740, nickel phthalocyanine(NiPc) 730, silicon dioxide (SiO₂) 720 and n-doped silicon (n-Si) bridgesaid address lines. By incorporating a control gate 700 a field-effecttransistor in this case employing a dipthalocyanine thin film may berealized as is known in the literature. Such a structure may act as anaddress control line switch as said gate 700 may substantially controlthe flow of current from said address input line 510 to said addressoutput line 520.

In another arrangement address input line 510 is isolated from addressoutput line 520 by means of a stack including semi-conducting polymerlayers 750 and a switch control line 760 consisting of a camphorsulfonic acid protonated polyaniline (PANI-CSA) grid electrode filledwith a semi-conducting polymer. Such a structure may act as an addresscontrol line switch as such structure as just described forms a polymergrid triode (PGT) as is known in the literature such that said switchcontrol line 760 may substantially control the flow of current from saidaddress input line 510 to said address output line 520. Switch controlline 760 may alternatively consist of a metal film in which case thedescribed structure forms a current switch.

In another scheme a bipolar spin switch is formed by means ofparamagnetic metal film 850 and ferromagnetic films 870 and 880. A biasapplied between nonmagnetic metal electrode 860 and ferromagnetic film870 serves to regulate the current between input electrode 510 andoutput electrode 520 thus forming a switch as is known in the existingliterature.

In another scheme a hall effect switch may be effected whereby apotential may be formed across a hall effect material 910 between inputelectrode 510 and output electrode 520 by means of applyingsimultaneously an incident current injected by means of electrode 890and collected by means of electrode 900 and a magnetic field H,perpendicular to said current, created by means of application ofcurrent to loop control line 670 and insulated by insulator 680.

In another scheme, curved resistor 930 which is electrically but notthermally insulated by means of insulator 940 may be caused to be heatedby means of application of a current to said resistor causing theimpedance in thermistive material 920, which possesses a negativetemperature coefficient of resistance, to drop thus lowering theimpedance between input electrode 510 and output electrode 520.

Some of the above described devices such as those formed of conductingpolymers have considerable utility in the present application as theypossess the property of structural flexibility, tunable electronicproperties and simplified deposition procedures (such as spin casting)which may be suitable for certain substrates such as real paper or paperlike substrates. It is understood however that standard inorganicsemiconductor technology such as Si or GaAs may be employed especiallyif suitable substrates such as ultra thin glass were employed for partor all of the page display.

Referring to FIGS. 14F-14I in addition to standard semiconductortechnology which involves deposition and subsequent etching it may beuseful, especially on atypical substrates, to deposit a semiconductorink from which transistors and switches may be fabricated. As describedin the Patent Application Ser. No. 60/022,222, a semiconductor ink 943may be fabricated by dispersing a semiconductor powder 945 in a suitablebinder 946. Said semiconductive powder may be Si, germanium or GaAs orother suitable semiconductor and may further be doped, prior to beingmade into a powder, with n-type impurities such as phosphorus, antimonyor arsenic or p-type impurities such as boron, gallium, indium oraluminum or other suitable n or p type dopants as is known in the art ofsemiconductor fabrication. Said binder 946 may be a vinyl, plastic heatcurable or UV curable material or other suitable binder as is known inthe art of conducting inks. Such an binder 946 when cured brings intoproximity said semiconductive powder particles 945 to create acontinuous percolated structure with semiconductive properties. Saidsemiconductive ink 943 may be applied by printing techniques to formswitch or logic structures. As indicated in FIGS. 14F-14I an NPNjunction transistor may be fabricated consisting of a n-type emitter950, a p-type base 954 and a n-type collector 952.

Alternatively a field effect transistor may be printed such as a metaloxide semiconductor. Such a transistor consists of a p-type materialmetal oxide semiconductor. Such a transistor consists of a p-typematerial 970, an n-type material 966 an n-type inversion layer 968 anoxide layer 962 which acts as the gate, a source lead 960 and a drainlead 964.

Referring to FIGS. 15A-15D means are described for implementing controlswitches based on optical control or optoelectronic devices. Referringto the left uppermost figure electroluminescent material 780 issandwiched between exciting electrodes 770 and 790 forming anelectroluminescent light emitting structure which is electricallyisolated by means of transparent isolator 795. Emitted light from saidelectroluminescent light emitting structure causes photoconductor 760 toundergo a decrease in impedance thus lowering the effective impedancebetween input electrode 510 and output electrode 520 as is known in theliterature. Layer 800 is an opaque layer which serves to opticallyshield other components from said light emitting structure.

Alternatively a switch may be constructed where said electroluminescentlight emitting structure is replaced by an optical fiber 802 which maybe modified to scatter light to said photoconductor 760 and opticalfiber light source 804 which may be a light emitting diode or laserdiode or other suitable light source.

In another arrangement, said photoconductor may be replaced by aphotodiode composed of an output electrode 510 with aperture 805, aheavily doped p+ layer 810, a depletion layer 820, a lightly dopedn-type layer 830, an n+ layer 840 and an input electrode 520.Alternatively it is understood that any other photodiode orphototransistor structure as is known in the prior art may be employed.

FIGS. 16A and 16B depict a preferred construction of a singleelectronically addressable page 100 and the means by which amultiplicity of said pages may be bound to form an ensemble of multiplepage displays 20. Referring to the schematic of the single page, primarypage substrate 105′ may additionally encompass a second substrate part150 which may be of a different material than said primary substratesuch as a plastic or glass material with substantially differentmechanical or electronic properties than the primary substrate material.Said second substrate material may have situated upon it page strobe oraddress logic 165 and page strobe or page address control lines 175.Said second substrate may further encompass apertures 160.

Referring to the perspective view of a multiplicity of pages such singlepage displays 100 may be combined to form a page display ensemble 20.Row or column address lines 110 may be connected to said apertures 160such that display driver lines 185 may connect said address lines ofeach page 100 in said page ensemble thus forming common address linesfrom page to page. Such display driver lines may then further beconnected to display driver 180. Such display driver lines which arecommon to each display page and which further connect through saidapertures of said display pages may further serve to mechanically bindsaid pages to form said page display ensemble. Page strobe or pageaddress lines 175 which are not common to each page may be connected topage strobe or page address driver 170.

Alternatively said substrate 105′ may be of a single material. Inanother configuration said apertures 160 may be obviated and saidcontrol lines may be extended to the page edge where they may beconnected to said driver lines. In another configuration additionalmechanical bindings may be employed to mechanically bind said pages. Itis readily understood that additional or alternative techniques ofmechanical binding as is known in the art of book manufacture and othermeans of electrical connection as is known in the art of electronics anddisplay manufacture may be employed.

Referring to FIG. 17 the materials and configurations of the previousdescription may be employed to construct an electronic address book/datebook 980 with multiple electronically addressable display pages, 988;said book may have driver electronics 986 and an interface 984 toanother computer of computer network. Said interface 984 may be wired orwireless or optical. Finally said address book/date book may bearpermanently printed information 983 as well as changeable information982.

Preferred embodiments of the invention using photo-addressing will nowbe described. As already indicated, one approach to three-dimensionaladdressing substitutes light valves for transistors or similar logicelements in at least one of the “dimensions” of the addressing. Thelight valve may be used in association with elongate light sources.Light may be emitted from all the elongate light sources which are wiredin parallel, but the light valve layer is introduced between the lightsources and the photoconductor layer, so that this light valve layergoverns whether the light reaches the photoconductor. The embodiments ofthe invention shown in FIGS. 18-22 are all of this type.

FIG. 18 shows one page (generally designated 201) of a display of thepresent invention, this page comprising, in order, an electroluminescent(EL) layer 203, a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) light valvelayer 205, a photoconductor layer 207, an electrophoretic medium layer209 and an indium-tin oxide (ITO) layer 211; the layer 211 is normallyprovided on a substrate (not shown). As indicated schematically in FIG.18, the electroluminescent layer 203 is patterned into a plurality ofelongate rows r1, r2, r3, r4 and the light valve layer 205 is patternedinto a plurality of columns c1, c2, c3, c4 extending perpendicular tothe rows. The columns c1, c2, c3, c4 are addressed directly and there isno need to pattern the top ITO layer into columns, although of course ina multi-page display the third dimension of addressing would be providedby transistor or similar devices to ensure that the ITO layer on onlyone page was selected at any given moment. A two-dimensional passivedisplay is formed by the EL and PDLC columns, that emits light. Thelight may be emitted row-by-row, requiring k*y (where k and y are aspreviously defined) seconds to update y rows. Alternatively, if the PDLCand EL materials respond quickly relative to the photoconductor, thePDLC/EL display may be multiplexed and a complete graphical imageproduced that affects the photoconductor across the entire display,requiring only k seconds to update y rows.

FIG. 19 shows a display (generally designated 231) which is generallysimilar to the display 201 shown in FIG. 18, in that theelectroluminescent layer is again patterned into a plurality of elongaterows r1, r2. However in the display 231, the ITO layer is patterned toform alternating columns c1, c2 (the patterned columns correspond togroups of standard column-patterned electrode-over-ink columns), whilethe PDLC layer is patterned into columns which occupy the width of anadjacent pair of the columns in the ITO layer. This allows highresolution which permitting the groups of alternate ITO columns to bedriven in parallel, as indicated in FIG. 19.

FIG. 20 shows a full color display (generally designated 241) in whichthe electroluminescent layer is again patterned into a plurality ofelongate rows r1, r2. The ITO layer is again patterned to form columnsc1, c2, c3, c4, but in this case each of these columns is individuallyselectable. The PDLC layer is patterned to form sub-columns one-thirdthe width of the columns c1, c2, c3, c4 (although some othersub-multiple could be used), the sub-columns being arranged, as shown inFIG. 20, in three cyclically-repeating groups, the sub-columns of eachgroup being driven in parallel. The three groups of sub-columns areassociated with red, green and blue sub-pixels, and thus permitinterlaced updating of the three colors of the display, as well asthree-dimensional addressing.

FIG. 21 shows a display (generally designated 251) in which the ITOlayer is patterned to form individually-selectable columns c1, c2, c3,c4 in the same manner as in FIG. 20. However, in the display 251, thePDLC layer is patterned to form individually-selectable rows z1, z2,orthogonal to the ITO columns c1, c2, c3, c4, while the EL layer ispatterned to form sub-rows parallel to, but one-half the width of, thePDLC rows. Alternate EL sub-rows are driven in parallel to achievethree-dimensional addressing.

Finally, FIG. 22 shows a display (generally designated 261) which isessentially the converse of that shown in FIG. 21. The ITO layer ispatterned to form individually-selectable columns c1, c2, c3, c4 in thesame manner as in FIGS. 20 and 21. Again both the PDLC layer and the ELlayer are patterned to form rows orthogonal to the ITO columns c1, c2,c3, c4, but in this case the EL layer is patterned to formindividually-selectable rows r1, r2, while the PDLC layer is patternedto form sub-rows z1, z2 parallel to, but one-half the width of, the ELrows. Alternate PDLC sub-rows are driven in parallel to achievethree-dimensional addressing. This embodiment allows the achievement ofrow resolutions which are higher than may readily be achieved bypatterning the EL layer.

It will readily be seen by those skilled in display technology that theprinciples illustrated by the preferred embodiments described above maybe employed to create many combinations and variations in addressingschemes. In displays using electroluminescent or similar light-emittinglayers, it is preferred that the time for which the light-emitting layermust be active be minimized to extend the life of the light-emittinglayers. In addition, consideration must be given to the ease ofpatterning the respective layers into rows, columns and regions, and tothe flexibility characteristics of the respective layers.

For example, one embodiment consists of column-patternedelectrode-over-ink columns (in an ITO or similar layer) connected inparallel across z regions, a PDLC layer patterned in rows connected inparallel across z regions, and a light-emitting EL layer patterned intoz regions, such as single pixels the size of pages of a multi-pagedisplay.

In such a display, to image, for example, row 24 on page 17, the columndrivers are set at the appropriate voltage potential for black or whiteat this pixels in this row (the relevant potentials are applied on allpages but do not create an image change except where the photoconductorhas been activated by light), all rows except row 24 are set at thevoltage potential causing the PDLC to turn opaque, row 24 is set to thevoltage potential allowing the PDLC to be transmissive, and the page 17EL layer is activated. Thus, to address the entire book this way, agiven page of EL material is active for only k*y seconds.

For reasons which will be apparent to those skilled in typography, forapplications such as imaging text in the Roman alphabet in a multi-pageelectronic book, it is desirable that the resolution be such that thenumber of columns (x) is greater than the number of rows (y);furthermore, the number of rows will typically be much greater than thenumber of pages (z). Hence, in a preferred embodiment, the PDLC layer ispatterned into z regions, such as individual pages, while the EL layeris patterned into y rows. This corresponds to a variation of theembodiment of FIG. 19 in which z1 and z2 are separate pages. Oneadvantage of this embodiment is that to address the entire book, a givenrow of EL material is active for only k seconds while each page isaddressed for k*z seconds, which is less than k*y seconds. Furthermore,this embodiment requires that the highest resolution be used to patternthe ITO layer, which can readily be patterned at very high resolution.Also, pages are typically flexed from side to side but not top tobottom. In this embodiment, the relatively brittle ITO lines oriented incolumns receive less physical stress than the relatively flexible ELlines oriented in rows. Indeed, stiff physical columns in or attached inconnection with the display substrate could be used to heighten thisprotection without undue reduction in the utility of the display.

In further embodiments of the invention, the photoconductive layer coulditself be patterned. In addition, the embodiments described above canreadily be adapted to provide a four-dimensional (WXYZ) addressingscheme if all four addressing layers (the EL, PDLC, photoconductor andITO layers) are patterned or if the display is split into separatephysical pages, as in the display shown in FIG. 4. For example, theembodiment of FIG. 7, shown as covering a single page, could bereplicated across multiple pages, with an additional set of addressingmeans provided to select the page to be written at any given moment.

Until now, it has been assumed that the light-emitting layers used inthe preferred embodiments described above do not have a threshold forlight emission. Consideration will now be given to the somewhat simplercase in which the light-emitting layer has a threshold, such that lightemits only above a voltage potential V.

It will readily be seen that the addressing methods suitable for anon-threshold light-emitting layer (and combinations and variationsthereof) may also be used with a threshold light-emitting layer. Thethreshold characteristic however provides an additional degree offreedom and enables three-dimensional addressing to be accomplished withfewer physical layers (or conversely permits a four or more-dimensionaladdressing scheme if enough patterned layers are present).

Given a threshold light-emitting layer, an addressable sub-array (zregion) may be formed as follows. The bottom electrode of thelight-emitting layer is patterned for example in rows. The top clearelectrode of the light-emitting layer is patterned into z regions (asabove, these regions may be correspond to groups of columns, groups ofrows, sub-columns, sub-rows or discrete pages, or variations andcombinations thereof). As a voltage of V/2 is applied to a row inparallel across each of the z regions, a voltage of V/2 is applied toany z region that needs to be addressed. This establishes the Vpotential difference and light is emitted only for the row(s) in thatregion.

For example, suppose a line r1 addresses the 10th row bottom electrodeof the light-emitting layer on all pages of an electronic multi-pagebook. A common top electrode of the light-emitting layer on the 14thpage is activated with V/2. Only the 10th row of the 14th page isimaged.

In a further embodiment, the light-emitting layer is patterned intocolumns and rows, for example in the form of a passive-OLED display.Multiple pages are provided with rows and columns wired in parallel.Each page is covered by a light valve, permitting each page to beaddressed individually.

Alternatively, the light valve is omitted and the photoconductor andcolumn-patterned electrode-over-ink layers are addressed discretely foreach page, again permitting each page to be addressed individually.

The principles described above are especially useful when applied toflexible bistable displays and permit a flexible book-like ornewspaper-like device to be created in which the various portions of thedevice are imaged one at a time; the loss of power to analready-addressed region does not result in a loss of image. Drivercosts are minimized by enabling more than two addressing dimensions. Thetechniques described herein are also useful for anyphotoconductively-addressed display. Nevertheless, it will be seen byone skilled in the art that the same principles may be applied tonon-flexible displays. In addition, the same principles may be appliedto non-bistable displays such as passively addressed LCD's to reducedriver costs if the refresh rate experienced by a given pixel issufficiently fast.

Several of the addressing methods referenced above require that thedisplay be addressed sequentially in a row-by-row manner. Thus the imageupdate rate is limited by the switching speed of the electro-opticmedium. Attention will now be directed to the second main aspect of thepresent invention, namely addressing algorithms that can speed theapparent update rate of a bistable display.

An array of island capacitors may be introduced in association with theaddressing array. These capacitors can be associated with individualpixels or with cluster-level logic structures as described above.Through passive XY addressing, positive or negative charge istransmitted into the array of capacitors in a pattern matching thedesired pixel image. The capacitor array may be formed by any suitablemeans, such as printing an electrode, a dielectric and a top electrode,either on to the ink layer or on to the photoconductor layer, or as aseparate sheet that is interposed and laminated, or as part of a TFT orother logic array.

In another process, the control circuitry stores the state of thedisplay in memory and identifies the frame-to-frame changes between eachupdate of the display image. Only the changes are imaged, i.e., only thepixels which are changed between two adjacent frames are addressed. Forsmall changes, such as caused by a blinking cursor or a moving mouseagainst a constant background, the result may be a very fast updatingtime.

In another process, control circuitry identifies rows that requireidentical column switching impulses. All such rows are activated at thesame time, so that the column electrodes address all these rowssimultaneously. Thus, a checkerboard graphic for any arbitrary number ofrows may be imaged in at most k*2 seconds, where k is the switch timefor the electro-optic medium.

In another process, the display is first set all white (or black), andthen halfway between black and white. This may occur in k+k/2 seconds.As each row is thereafter addressed, the necessary addressing time forthat row is at most k*0.5 seconds. The addressing time is thereforedecreased to k+k/2+k*0.5 seconds. For displays with many rows, this cutsaddressing time essentially in half. Note that by halfway between blackand white is meant a state where the time to switch all black and thetime to switch all white are equal. If the rise and fall times of thedisplay are different this may not be at the 50% gray level.

Thus, with a relatively simple algorithm, switching times may be greatlyreduced. There are many algorithms by which pre-processing could reduceoverall addressing time for the display. It is helpful to introduce somedefinitions to describe these algorithms.

The current value of any pixel may be described on a scale of 0 to 1where 0=black and 1=white. In a bistable display, these states persistuntil the row is re-imaged. Similarly, each pixel (x, y) may bedescribed as having a starting state s(x, y) and desired finishing statef(x, y) with a difference of d(x, y). Thus, the difference between thedisplay's current and desired state may be described as a matrix arrayof values ranging from −1 (from white to black) to +1 (from black towhite).

The row switch time vector may be defined as the maximum absolute valuein each row times k seconds. The time required to address the display ina straightforward row by row fashion is the sum of the values of the rowswitch time vectors of the individual rows. Similarly, the row switchdirection may be defined as a function of the highest value in the row(H) and the lowest value of the row (L). Assuming the display switchesfrom white to black with speed A and from black to white with speed B,the direction vector may be calculated as:

(B*H+A*L)/(A+B).

Assuming symmetric switching times, this simplifies to the midpointbetween the high and the low. In short, if the row is all white andneeds to turn all black, its switch direction is 1. However if the rowis black on odd columns and white on even columns, and these must eachreverse, the high is 1, the low is 1, and the switch direction is 0. Theswitch direction represents the value for which, if all pixels in theentire row were changed by that value, the row switch time would beminimized.

For example, if a row starts at [0, 0.1, 0] and finishes at [1, 0.9, 1]the difference vector for that row is [1, 0.8, 1]. The row switch timeis k*1=k seconds. The row direction is the midpoint (assuming symmetricswitch times) between 1 and 0.8 or 0.9. If the row experienced a switchimpulse increasing all pixels by 0.9, the row would be [0.9, 1, 0.9] andthe new difference vector would be [0.1, −0.1, 0.1]. The new switch timewould be 0.1*k seconds, and the new switch direction would be 0. If onlyone row were addressed in this way, the total elapsed time would be0.9*k plus 0.1*k, or k seconds.

(Note that the switch direction is calculated based on the extreme highand low values (“the outliers”), since the switch time must besufficient on each row for the very last pixel to finish switching.However, a more complex variation of this algorithm would involvecalculation of the distribution of values across the row and determiningwhether it would be better to exclude some values in order to addressthe bulk of the row and then return to these excluded values at a latertime.)

In one process of this invention, the vector describing the row switchdirection for each row is calculated. All rows have switch directionsranging from −1 to 1. Next, the average value of all switch directionsis calculated as P. All rows are activated and an impulse of P isapplied. Next, all rows that started with a switch direction below P areidentified. The average remaining switch direction of these rows is Q.These rows are activated and a switch impulse of Q is applied. Next, therows that started with switch direction above P are identified. Theaverage remaining switch direction of these rows is R. These rows areactivated and a switch impulse of R is applied.

At this stage, all rows have switch directions ranging from −1+Q to 1−R.That is, the switch directions for all rows have come closer to 0 injust 3 cycles, taking less than k*3 seconds.

In a variation to this technique, the steps may cease after the impulseof P or the impulse of Q is applied. In another variation of thetechnique, each impulse P, Q and R is applied to all rows for which thenet result of the impulse is to move the row's switch direction closerto zero.

These steps may be repeated for N iterations, where N is any arbitraryreal number. The display is then imaged in a standard row by rowfashion. In a further variant of the process, the iterations continueuntil Q and R are close to zero. It may readily seen that the abovetechniques may be combined where appropriate to achieve faster switchingtimes in a single display.

In the technique above, groups of rows were treated, but not groups ofcolumns. Groups of columns may be treated using the same principles andthe effects of the treatment of groups of rows and columns combined foroverall faster addressing. For example, the values P, Q, and R, asdefined above for rows, may be calculated. The values P′, Q′, and R′ arealso calculated in a similar manner for column switch directions. Themaximum (in absolute terms) is determined among Q, Q′, R, and R′. If Qor R is the maximum, that switch impulse is applied to all columnsacross designated rows. If Q′ or R′ is the maximum, that switch impulseis applied to all rows across designated columns. This process may berepeated for N iterations.

In a variation of this process, if Q or R is the maximum for example,the switch impulse of Q is applied to all columns against the associatedrows, and then the switch impulse of R is applied to all columns againstits associated rows. All 4 values Q, Q′, R, R′ are then recalculated,and the process may be repeated for N iterations.

Either method desirably proceeds until Q, Q′, R, and R′ are all close tozero. It will readily be apparent that if addressing using three or moredimensions is employed in any of the ways described above, the techniquedescribed in the foregoing passage may be extended to one or moreadditional dimensions by calculating values Q″ and R″ as well.

The selection of a specific method for a given display design may beaffected by numerous factors, including the ratio of rows and columns,the relative number of rows as compared to switching speed, and by theprocessor power available for pre-processing, among other factors.

In another general approach, orthogonal wave functions such as are usedfor active addressing of LCD's are employed, adjusting (if necessary)for the bistable/multi-stable memory effect of electrophoretic andsimilar displays by calculating the difference in position required.These functions have a further advantage in that they have beenimplemented in silicon and may be simpler to calculate than a morecomplex approach. A variation may further be employed that takes intoaccount the additional dimension of Z addressing.

It will readily be apparent to those skilled in the display art that thetechniques described could also be used more generally to address anykind of passive display with memory effect.

From the foregoing description, it will be seen that the displays andprocesses of the present invention permit the number of drivers neededin a display to be greatly reduced, and provide processes by whichelectronic, light-emitting and light valve apparatus can usefully becombined to address a display. The present invention also providesseveral processes which substantially reduce the switching time of bi-and multi-stable displays.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described withreference to specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may bemade therein without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention as defined by the appended claims.

1. A method of addressing a bistable electronic display having aplurality of pixels arranged in an array comprising a plurality of rowsand plurality of columns, the method comprising selecting a plurality ofrows or columns and applying a simultaneous and equivalent switchingimpulse to all selected rows and columns.
 2. An electronic displayaccording to claim 1 wherein the electronic display comprises anelectrophoretic medium.
 3. An electronic display according to claim 2wherein said electrophoretic medium is an encapsulated electrophoreticmedium.
 4. An electronic display according to claim 1 wherein theelectronic display comprises a rotating bichromal object material.
 5. Anelectronic display according to claim 1 wherein the electronic displayoperates by principle of one of the following: rotating bichromalobjects, electrochromics, or suspended particles.
 6. A method ofaddressing a bistable electronic display having a plurality of pixelsarranged in a plurality of rows, the method comprising: (a) comparing astarting state of the display with a desired finishing state anddetermining for each pixel a change value representative of the changeneeded to change the starting state of that pixel to its desiredfinishing state; and (b) calculating from the pixel change values foreach row, a switch direction value for that row, said switch directionvalue representing the value for which, if all pixels if that row werechanged by the switch direction value, the row switch time required toswitch the row to the desired finishing state would be minimized.
 7. Amethod according to claim 6 further comprising any one or more of thefollowing steps: (c) calculating the average switch direction value forall rows of the display; (d) identifying all rows with switch directionvalues less than the average switch direction value calculated in step(c); (e) calculating the average switch direction value of all rowsidentified in step (d); (f) applying to all rows identified in step (d)an impulse sufficient to cause a change in state equal to the averageswitch direction value calculated in step (e); (g) identifying all rowswith switch direction values greater than the average switch directionvalue calculated in step (c); (h) calculating the average switchdirection value of all rows identified in step (g); and (i) applying, toall rows identified in step (g), an impulse sufficient to cause a changein state equal to the average switch direction value calculated in step(g).
 8. An electronic display according to claim 6 wherein theelectronic display comprises an electrophoretic medium.
 9. An electronicdisplay according to claim 8 wherein said electrophoretic medium is anencapsulated electrophoretic medium.
 10. An electronic display accordingto claim 6 wherein the electronic display comprises a rotating bichromalobject material.
 11. An electronic display according to claim 6 whereinthe electronic display operates by principle of one of the following:rotating bichromal objects, electrochromics, or suspended particles. 12.A method of addressing a bistable electronic display having a pluralityof pixels, each of said pixels having a first display state, a seconddisplay state differing in at least one optical characteristic from thefirst display state, and a plurality of intermediate states havingvalues of said optical characteristic intermediate those of said firstand second display states, the method comprising: driving all the pixelsof the display to the same one of said intermediate states; andthereafter addressing said pixels individually to drive them to theirdesired states.
 13. A method according to claim 12 wherein theintermediate state to which all the pixels are driven is such thatsubstantially the same size of impulse is necessary to drive any pixelfrom said intermediate state to said first and second display states.14. A method of addressing a bistable electronic display having aplurality of pixels arranged in a plurality of rows and columns, themethod comprising: (a) comparing a starting state of the display with adesired finishing state and determining for each pixel a change valuerepresentative of the change needed to change the starting state of thatpixel to its desired finishing state; (b) comparing the change values ofpixels in differing rows but the same column and locating at least twoof said pixels having the same change value; and (c) addressing said atleast two pixels having the same value simultaneously by addressing therows and the column on which said pixels are located.
 15. A method ofaddressing a bistable electronic display having a plurality of pixels,the method comprising: comparing a starting state of the display with adesired finishing state and determining which pixels differ between thetwo states; and addressing only those pixels which differ between thetwo states.
 16. A method of addressing a bistable electronic displayhaving a plurality of pixels, which method comprises: providing an arrayof island capacitors associated with the pixels of the display; throughpassive matrix XY addressing, introducing electrical charge into thecapacitors in a pattern matching the image desired on the display; andthereafter allowing the charges on the capacitors to complete theaddressing of the pixels of the display.
 17. An electronic displaycomprising an electro-optic material having a plurality of separatelyaddressable pixels wherein the number of driver outputs to the pixelarray is less than the square root of the number of pixels.
 18. Anelectronic display comprising an electro-optic material having aplurality of pixels, and separate first, second and third sets ofaddressing means for addressing said pixels, each of said pixels beingassociated with one addressing means in each of said three sets, suchthat any specific pixel of the display can be addressed by applicationof signals within predetermined ranges to each of the three addressingmeans associated with said specific pixel.
 19. A method of addressing anelectronic display, the method comprising: providing an electro-opticmaterial having a plurality of pixels; providing first, second and thirdsets of addressing means for addressing said pixels, each of said pixelsbeing associated with one addressing means in each of said three sets;and applying predetermined signals to the three addressing meansassociated with a specific pixel, thereby addressing said pixel.